Tradução e apresentação da tragédia, em prosa, ainda inédita em língua portuguesa, intitulada A Morte de Lucrécia, composta por Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Trata-se de uma história que foi anteriormente relatada por Tito Lívio e gravita em torno da morte de Lucrécia, acontecimento importante que antecedeu o estabelecimento da república de Roma. O texto, inacabado, foi escrito em 1754 e é composto por dois atos e dezoito fragmentos, ainda assim, é de interesse para o leitor de Rousseau e da Filosofia das Luzes.

The functional role of mirror neurons has been assessed in many different ways. They have been regarded, inter alia, as the core mechanism of mind reading, the mechanism of language understanding, the mechanism of imitation. In this paper we will discuss the thesis according to which MNs are a conceptual mechanism. This hypothesis is attractive since it could accommodate in an apparently simple way all the above-mentioned interpretations. We shall take into consideration some reasons suggesting the conceptualist characterization of MNs, (...) as well as some possible replies. We shall figure out how an argument for the conceptualist hypothesis could be deployed, focusing on the notion of off-line processes, which turns out to be the crucial property necessary to ascribe concept possession. Our conclusion will be that, despite of there being some evidence for the conceptualist account, the issue cannot be definitely settled, because there are both experimental shortages and conceptual difficulties. In particular, there are three distinct senses in which MNs can be regarded as a conceptual mechanism, but we shall argue that only one of these interpretations can be defended. (shrink)

Stullerova, K.. The Knowledge of Suffering: On Judith Shklar's 'Putting Cruelty First'. Contemporary Political Theory, 13, 23-45.

Judith Shklar’s dictum, ‘the worst evil of cruelty’, is well known. What this means for her political theory and how such theory is construed are rarely explored. This article maintains that Shklar’s turn towards cruelty/suffering has a specific role in the development of her political argument. It allows her both to curb her long-standing skepticism, and to use it creatively. This is because suffering must be examined from the perspectives of history and philosophy, which produce two sets of knowledge, each (...) limiting the overbearing tendencies of the other. The way Shklar uses the tension between history and philosophy for progressive purposes, and her idea that politics can mediate between history and philosophy, makes her a very contemporary theorist, similar to those who critically engage foundationalism without wanting to dispose of it completely. Approaching Shklar’s ‘Putting Cruelty First’ through her engagement with history and philosophy, and making use of the concepts of ‘realism’ and ‘weak ontology’ to do so are a more productive route to understanding her dictum than the usual one of examining it through the prism of her ‘liberalism of fear’. (shrink)

An article that reflects on the adaptation of a phenomenologically inspired approach within sociological epistemology. Using two sociological as examples perspectives – interpretivism and critical theory – we point at the normative assumptions common to both approaches. We suggest these are responsible for the impossibility of transgressing dichotomization and mediation – two features continuously reproduced within social sciences. With the use of phenomenologically inspired non-dichotomous epistemology we offer a way to work around these limitations. It is possible, we argue, thanks (...) to the application of the categories of intentionality and responsiveness, to ground sociology in a non-dichotomous, and hence expanded, paradigm. (shrink)

The article argues that the famous story about the strike, exile and return of the Romanaulosplayers, which is recorded in the sixth book of Ovid'sFastiand referred to by other Latin and Greek sources, is based on a narrative model that already existed in Greece in the Archaic period. The study draws parallels between the tale of the pipers and the myth of the return of Hephaestus to Olympus, suggesting that, apart from similar plots, the two stories share many motifs, such (...) as references to themes derived from comedy and satyr drama. Searching for a possible channel of transmission of the story from Archaic Greece to Augustan Rome, the study explores the presence of satyric motifs in Etruscan vase-painting and Roman processional rites. It is furthermore emphasized that many of these motifs, which also appeared in lost satyr-plays, are echoed in Augustan poetry. (shrink)

The article concerns the life and work of the most important contemporary Spanish philosophers, Fernando Savater. It focuses on describing his activism and the reasons which led him to participate in the public life. The author also analyses the thinker’s two major concerns, which are anti-nationalism and the defence of democtratic values. The investigation shows that Savater’s view on the two issues is strictly related to his biography and the socio-political changes experienced by Spanish people in the last fifty years. (...) The solutions the philosopher presents for his compatriots are parallel to his proposals of shifts in the politics of the whole European Union. (shrink)

O presente artigo desenvolve um diálogo entre a teoria de gênero e a literatura feminina. Para tanto, utiliza-se a _Tetralogia napolitana_, obra da autora italiana Elena Ferrante, como objeto de análise. Busca-se fazer uma relação entre a vida privada das personagens e seus dilemas com casamento, família, maternidade, trabalho e de teorias a respeito da divisão sexual do trabalho, da dominação masculina e do cuidado. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de tipo exploratório, levando como base de análise o material bibliográfico (...) e documental referentes ao problema em questão. Verifica-se como a divisão sexual do trabalho, a dominação masculina e a ética do cuidado estabeleceram condições desfavoráveis para as personagens ao longo de suas vidas. Concluindo que o campo literário é um cenário importante para estudos relacionados às temáticas de gênero e feminismo, seja por sua demonstração detalhada do cotidiano feminino, seja pela escrita feminina. (shrink)

Resumo: A Kehre (viragem) no pensamento de Heidegger foi amplamente discutida e debatida. A introdução da noção de metontologia (Metontologie), em 1927, informou proveitosamente esse debate, uma vez que implica uma preocupação com o domínio ôntico, por parte de Heidegger, que não está presente em trabalhos anteriores. O fato de essa noção desaparecer logo após ser introduzida, porém, desafia sua contribuição para esse debate. Neste artigo, mostra-se que o desaparecimento da metontologia não significa o desaparecimento da preocupação de Heidegger com (...) o ôntico, mas o contrário. Começa-se apresentando a visão de Freeman de uma tensão entre o ôntico e o ontológico, no pensamento de Heidegger, em meados da década de 1920, que resulta na introdução da metontologia, em 1927. Mais tarde, evidencia-se que a explicação de McNeill para o desaparecimento da metontologia, como consequência da visão de Heidegger, de meados dos anos 30, de que a projeção a priori do ser é uma retirada do ser (Entzug des Seins), permite dizer que esse desaparecimento não acarreta uma repentina falta de preocupação de Heidegger com o ôntico. Ao considerar a análise de Heidegger de “o matemático”, em Die Frage nach dem Ding, finalmente, argumenta-se que a metontologia desaparece do pensamento de Heidegger, porque sua dependência da ontologia a impede de explicar sua crescente preocupação com o ôntico, de maneira adequada. (shrink)

Even if the ordering of all natural number is (known to be) not definable from multiplication of natural numbers and ordering of primes, there is a simple axiom system in the language $(\times,<,1)$ such that the multiplicative structure of positive integers has a unique expansion by a linear order coinciding with the standard order for primes and satisfying the axioms – namely the standard one.

The aim of my presentation would be to try to look on the critical and artistic achievement of Stefan Kisielewski from the musical and literary perspectives. The ways of writing about music, the musical and literary metaphors, and finally connections between musical and literary language are the key issues which occupy not only literary critics but also musicologists. In the context of Kisielewski's works they become especially inspiring. His Dzienniki prove that music and literature are two different areas of activity. (...) Referring to chosen texts from the volumes: Muzyka i mózg, Z muzycznej międzyepoki, Z literackiego lamusa, I would like to think about the ways of writing about music and point the special features of the literary masterpiece, whose author is a writer, music critic, publicist and composer in one person. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia „troski” na gruncie filozofii Sokratesa i Platona. Niniejszy tekst stanowi przyczynek do pojawiających się w dialogach Platona dwóch określeń troski: epimeleia heautou oraz melete thanatou. W celu opisania pojęć i ukazania relacji między nimi w pracy badawczej wykorzystano teksty autorstwa Platona, teksty domniemanego autorstwa Platona oraz współczesne opracowania myśli Sokratesa i Platona.

This book introduces the ethical, philosophical, and social legacy of Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848), emphasizing the theological dimension of his thought. The author situates Bolzano as a significant and influential figure in the late Enlightenment in Bohemia, which developed in the politically unfavorable times of the early nineteenth century.

This article attempts to point out the main problem in research on workaholism, namely over-use of the term workaholism when describing symptoms or constructs which are not related to work addiction. Workaholism has one, negative pathological/dysfunctional form and can be differentiated from the healthy forms of over-engagement. Based on the analysis of one example of research results, this article explains that the nomenclature of „workaholic“ is not applicable to the case of over-engaged employees with healthy symptoms. The second aim of (...) the article is to argue that the invalid conceptualisation and measurement of workaholism can result in conclusions which do not really regard work addiction. (shrink)

Androgynia jako idea jedności i całości pojawia się w myśli Gastona Bachelarda w kontekście marzenia poetyckiego. To w nim bowiem – o czym dowiadujemy się z Poetyki marzenia - dochodzi do pojednania animy i animusa, żeńskiego i męskiego w jednej psyche. Marzenie będące spod znaku anima francuski filozof nazywa filozofią bytu androgynicznego, która ukazuje nam podwójną idealizację człowieczeństwa. Anima i animus, potwierdzające androgynię psyche, są momentami Ja. Ta dualna natura bytu psychicznego wyraża się poprzez dwa antagonizmy przedstawione za pomocą funkcji (...) realności (adaptacja do rzeczywistości i życia społecznego) i funkcji irrealności (samotność marzenia); myśli nadzorowanej (krytyka, cenzura) i wolnego marzenia (sympatia, przyjęcie, przyłączenie); pracy (wysiłek) i odpoczynku (rozluźnienie); niepokoju (projekt, antycypacja) i spokoju (obecność w sobie) - a zwłaszcza wokół dualności, która krystalizuje się w odróżnieniu umysłu naukowego (l’esprit scientifique) spod znaku animusa (pojęcia, wiedza) od umysłu poetyckiego (l’esprit poetique) spod znaku animy (obrazy, komunia dusz). Androgynia rozumiana jako życie integralne psyche dla Bachelarda jest perspektywiczna i wartościowa a próby jej poszukiwania utożsamia z pytaniem o sens ludzkiej egzystencji. Studia nad marzeniem ukazują jego fundamentalne znaczenie dla równowagi psyche. Tak rozumiana siła obrazów kreuje wówczas sztukę życia. W tym sensie, Bachelard staje się prekursorem nowego spojrzenia w dziedzinie refleksji nad problematyką obrazu – okazuje się, że to obraz odpowiada za relację, która zachodzi między człowiekiem a światem. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane staropolskie teksty mistyczne kobiet (zarówno świeckie, jak i pozostających w kręgu zakonnym) na tle tradycji mistyków hiszpańskich Złotego Wieku. W tekście nakreślono sytuację geopolityczną Rzeczpospolitej i Hiszpanii w okresie XVI–XVIII wieku z naciskiem na specyfikę życia kobiet na peryferiach europejskich. W analizie posiłkowano się ustaleniami z zakresu geopoetyki oraz border studies, gałęzi literaturoznawstwa, które obecnie coraz częściej aplikuje się do badań komparatystycznych. Artykuł przybliża kobiece utwory anonimowe powstałe w kręgu karmelitańskim, które są interpretacjami wątków terezjańskich lub (...) aluzjami do konkretnych tekstów świętej Teresy i świętego Jana od Krzyża. Ponadto przytoczono tu teksty najbardziej znanych staropolskich pisarek zakonnych, Magdaleny Mortęskiej i Marianny Marchockiej, wskazując na zapożyczenia z ascetyczno-mistycznej literatury hiszpańskiej. W artykule zaprezentowano także wybrane wątki pisarek świeckich, których utwory mogą wskazywać na specyfikę życia na peryferiach – mogącą przyczynić się do wyboru ścieżki mistycznej. (shrink)

In The Grammar of Society, first published in 2006, Cristina Bicchieri examines social norms, such as fairness, cooperation, and reciprocity, in an effort to understand their nature and dynamics, the expectations that they generate, and how they evolve and change. Drawing on several intellectual traditions and methods, including those of social psychology, experimental economics and evolutionary game theory, Bicchieri provides an integrated account of how social norms emerge, why and when we follow them, and the situations where we are (...) most likely to focus on relevant norms. Examining the existence and survival of inefficient norms, she demonstrates how norms evolve in ways that depend upon the psychological dispositions of the individual and how such dispositions may impair social efficiency. By contrast, she also shows how certain psychological propensities may naturally lead individuals to evolve fairness norms that closely resemble those we follow in most modern societies. (shrink)

In Norms in the Wild, distinguished philosopher Cristina Bicchieri argues that when it comes to human behavior, social scientists place too much stress on rational deliberation. In fact, she says, many choices occur without much deliberation at all. Two people passing in a corridor automatically negotiate their shared space; cars at an intersection obey traffic signals; we choose clothing based on our instincts for what is considered appropriate. Bicchieri's theory of social norms accounts for these automatic components of coordination, (...) where individuals react automatically to cues that focus their attention on what the norm is in that situation. Social norms thus act as rules for making choices in a social world where people expect others -- often unconsciously -- to follow the same rule. Some norms enable seamless social co-operation, while others are less beneficial to human flourishing.Bicchieri is famous for her interdisciplinary work on game theory and most recently her work on social norms, and Norms in the Wild represents her latest challenge to many of the fundamental assumptions of the social sciences. Bicchieri's work has broad implications not only for understanding human behavior, but for changing it for better outcomes. People have a strongly conditioned preference for following social norms, but that also means that manipulating their expectations can cause major behavioral changes. Bicchieri has been working recently with UNICEF and other NGO's to explore the applicability of her views to issues of human rights around the world. Is it possible to change social expectations around forced marriage, genital mutilations, and public health practices like vaccinations and sanitation? If so, how? What tools might we use? This short book explores how social norms work, and how changing them - changing preferences, beliefs, and especially social expectations - can potentially improve lives all around the world. It will appeal to an unusually broad range of readers including philosophers, psychologists and others in behavioral sciences, and anyone involved in public policy or at NGOs. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to present the concept of man and image in Gaston Bachelard’s thought. Following the path of the antagonism of concept and image, psychoanalytical and hermeneutic interpretations, the author presents her own interpretation of Bachelardism based on anthropological reflection, asking about the strictly human world and its “being-in-the-world”. Its reading is based on the dynamism and the linkage between reason and imagination in the presentation of the world, which is expressed in the broadest sense in (...) the formula of the “illustrating self”. (shrink)

Artykuł stanowi krótkie wprowadzenie do koncepcji cienia będącej ważnym elementem jungowskiej psychologii analitycznej. Mimo że cień jest niechętnie dostrzegany przez ludzi, stanowi element każdej psychiki. Relacja jednostki z jej cieniem w znaczący sposób wpływa na jej życie, co zostało zaprezentowane w artykule. Stan tej relacji zależy od jednostki i może zostać poprawiony poprzez podjęcie opisywanej w artykule pracy z cieniem.

Implementing new school reforms in school practice is extremely challenging mostly because of teacher resistance to change, or uncertainty, fear, or nostalgia for the previous curriculum. Since 2016 a new preschool curriculum including a new early literacy curriculum has been in force in Slovakia. The aim of the study is to assess how well teachers follow the requirement to use a variety of texts in the classroom to promote early literacy development. The analysis is performed on 138 observations out of (...) a total of 215 structured observations, in which teachers used a text as part of an educational activity. The predominant use of narrative texts is linked to more traditional early literacy activities; however, the employment of different text genres relates to the use of different sources of text presentation, engagement with different ways of working with the text and is accompanied by different reading activities. (shrink)

The New Evil Demon Problem presents a serious challenge to externalist theories of epistemic justification. In recent years, externalists have developed a number of strategies for responding to the problem. A popular line of response involves distinguishing between a belief’s being epistemically justified and a subject’s being epistemically blameless for holding it. The apparently problematic intuitions the New Evil Demon Problem elicits, proponents of this response claim, track the fact that the deceived subject is epistemically blameless for believing as she (...) does, not that she is justified for so believing. This general strategy—which I call the “unjustified-but-blameless maneuver”—is motivated, in part, by the assumption that the distinction between epistemic justification and blamelessness is merely an extension of the familiar distinction between moral justification and blamelessness. In this paper, I consider three ways of drawing the distinction between justification and blamelessness familiar from the moral domain: the first in terms of a connection with reactive attitudes, the second in terms of the distinction between wrongness and wronging, and the third in terms of reasons-responsiveness. All three ways of drawing the distinction, I argue, make it difficult to see how an analogous distinction in the epistemic domain could help externalists explain away the intuitions which underwrite the New Evil Demon Problem. Motivating the unjustified-but-blameless maneuver, I conclude, is a much less straightforward task than its proponents tend to assume. (shrink)

The paper considers the problematic relation between a person and her action as it is expressed in the problem of blame and moral judgement. I argue that blaming someone for her action does affect our moral judgement of her, but does not imply condemnation of her moral character. I use the example of Dmitri Karamazov to show that a response to a particular situation, although shaped by the previous character of the person, does not follow from it and can in (...) turn affect and change the person's character by changing the way in which she perceives what is valuable. (shrink)

Les études réunies et publiés dans ce volume sont d'abord concentrées sur les problèmes relatifs à la nature de l'âme en général, notamment par le biais d'une confrontation avec des penseurs antérieurs a Aristote ou qui leur sont contemporains - spécialement Platon et Xenocrate.

This study aims to identify the ethical challenges in the process of product marketing. It conducted a bibliometric study to evaluate the major ethical concerns in the area of product marketing. The data for the current study was extracted using the Scopus database. The study uses VOSviewer and Biblioshiny-bibliometrix to analyze the data. The results revealed that in the twenty-first century, ethical concerns and research related to pharmaceutical marketing, consumption behavior, and sustainability have significantly grown and are emerging as important (...) issues. The study is novel in its approach and develops a theoretical model to know ethical issues related to product marketing with multidimensional process (i.e., identification, search strategy, and analysis) for a long-term sustainable business success. By this study, the academicians and researchers will focus greater attention on the rapidly developing human-techno-centric world to fulfill the organizations’ service promises. The study contributes to the marketing ethics literature, particularly to the literature related to ethical issues in product marketing. (shrink)

Embora a relação entre subjectividade e tempo seja fulcral para a fenomenologia, é-o sempre com o intuito de fundamentar ontologicamente a consciência na sua verdade A grande originalidade de Levinas consiste em abandonar o plano do cogito e, consequentem.

Northrop Frye, Anatomia krytyki, przeł. Monika Bokiniec, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2012.